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____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
A Chicano’s
Perspective on the Summer of Love, 1967
By
Frank S.
Lechuga
When I was in
Monterey, California last year, attending my second daughter’s
wedding reception I had the opportunity to look back to when I drove
my lowered ‘59 Chevy Impala from L.A. to San Pancho up
the Pacific Coast Highway, through Big Sur, giving rides
to hitchhiking hippies.
It was my
first trip up the coast to San Francisco. I had just completed my
freshman year at what was then San Fernando Valley State College and
already had some activist experience under my belt, picketing for
la Huelga and fighting for the founding of the Chicano Studies
Department.
It was the
summer of 1968 and my destination was Haight-Ashbury and San
Francisco. I did not know it then that the
Summer of Love
had already come and gone,
and that the Haight-Ashbury scene was
dead. I did not know that I was being swept up by an unprecedented
wave of cultural and social change -- the counterculture. Some
would call it a renaissance.
Conservative America believed it was a
revolution -- perpetrated by subversives and hippie wackos.
The culture
wars had started. Not quite a year later, in the spring of 1969, I
took a trip to Denver, Colorado with some homeboys from San
Fernando, California. We went to attend the First National
Chicano Liberation Youth Conference, an event of historical
importance for Chicanos and Latinos
Latinos and
America before
the Summer of Love
Why did so many young
Americans gravitate to the vision of the Summer of Love
represented? What was it about the America they grew up with that
compelled them to flee the sanctity of home values and to plunge
into the craziness and moral frontier of the counterculture? What
drove them to embrace one of the central visions of the
counterculture – world peace and humanity without racism? Clearly, many Americans
had tired of waging war in Vietnam, a war on the other side of the
world, waged against a non-white people fighting for
self-determination.
The Civil Rights Act,
which prohibited discrimination in voting, public accommodations,
and employment -- was not passed by Congress until July of 1964.
The Voting Rights Act of 1965 became law in August of that year.
This legislation provided federal protection for federal, state and
local elections.
Both Acts were legislated after a long and grueling Civil Rights
struggle, led by Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and supported by many
Americans, including our own great civil rights and labor leader,
Cesar Chavez.
What was America like
for Chicanos before the Summer of Love, 1967?
Latino
political power as we know it today in California did not exist.
Edward Roybal, the first Latino elected to Congress from California
since 1879, had just been elected to Congress in ’62. For years, J.
Edgar Hoover’s goons in suits followed him around like a suspected
criminal. There wasn’t even one Latino on the L.A. city council.
Segregation
was alive and thriving. The concept of diversity in America as we
know it today did not exist at that time. For most people of color
the social system in place was an American form of apartheid
reinforced by brutal, racist cops, the gerrymandering of voting
districts and governmental/business practices like redlining.
Almost a year
after the
enactment of Voting Rights Act, Dr.
Martin Luther
King Jr. was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee. Some us who would
later became activists, artists, leaders and foot soldiers in El
Movimiento were still in high school and middle even elementary
school around that time. Some were still in gangs or just cruising
or partying in the neighborhood. It was a time of prelude and
gestation.
In fact, it
was at the beginning of the Summer of Love in June of ’67 that
Reis Lopez
Tijerina led the Tierra Amarilla Courthouse Raid, in the land grant
struggle for the return of lands stolen in New Mexico after Mexican
War of 1846-1848.
That political act of rebellion, labeled criminal
by the Establishment, helped inspire Chicano leaders to become more
militant in their civil rights activism and to frame their politics
in the context of the greater historical issue of the Treaty of
Guadalupe-Hidalgo.
Tijerina may
have awed and galvanized Chicanos with his fiery rhetoric and armed
tactics but we had other leaders, leaders who were taking on
broader, national issues. They were leaders who in their own right
were also warriors, but whose philosophies and methods were more in
the tradition of nonviolence. Right alongside Cesar Chavez and
Dolores Huerta was Denver-based Chicano civil rights leader, Rudolfo
“Corky” Gonzales who criticized the Viet Nam war with eloquence in
1966, two years before Dr. King spoke up against the war.
Two years
after the Summer of Love, Corky’s organization, the Crusade for
Justice hosted the national Chicano youth conference. It was an
event of historical importance for Latinos. Activist Latino youth,
including Brown Berets and Young Lords, from all over the country
attended.
In 1976, Benjamin F.
Hernandez published the inaugural issue of (El Papel de la Gente)
Q-VO Magazine and Firme Magazine were published in Riverside,
California. Subsequent issues during its publishing history were
distributed and sold successfully throughout the country.
For many youth
it was a heady initiation into real militant activism. I recall
participating in a demonstration against racism and the Vietnam War
during the Chicano Youth Conference.
The march went through
downtown Denver and the city civic center. My homeboys spotted a
flagpole flying the American flag. Without any deliberation, they
ran past the Crusade for Justice security, and before anybody could
do anything, they were tearing down the flag. The media was there
and took pictures that were published in newspapers and aired
nationwide. The taking down of that flag was an act of raw,
youthful anger and defiance, the stuff of counterculture – but it
was Chicano and so it was colored as treasonous disrespect for the
national emblem.
In the spring
following the Summer of Love, a year before the Denver youth
conference, the Brown Berets and East L.A. high school students
surged onto the streets in the protests known as the East L.A.
Walkouts. These were youth-driven, near spontaneous mass
demonstrations against inadequate education. The walkouts
reverberated throughout California and the Southwest.
Brown Beret
chapters sprung up all over the Southwest and Southern California.
There was the 57th Brown Beret Chapter in the City
of Riverside and the 47th in Barrio Casa Blanca that
organized to challenge racist retailers and educational
bureaucrats. In the towns of Fontana, Colton, Corona, Mira Loma,
chapters of organized, uniformed, youthful Chicanos stood up in the
late 60s and early 70s for community empowerment and against racism
and police brutality – and against the internecine bloodletting of
gang warfare and organized drug dealing in the barrios.
The seeds had
been planted for what was to follow at the First National Chicano
Liberation Youth Conference in 1969. There, a national committee
was formed to protest the Vietnam War and the disproportionately
high death rate of Latino soldiers in the war’s frontlines and the
racism these soldiers had to come home to. These young Latinos, the
nation’s real foot soldiers – had become cannon fodder for what
President Eisenhower had warned Americans against -- the military
industrial complex
Led by leaders
like Rosalio Munoz, student activist and Carlos Montez, a Brown
Beret founder -- a series of protests against the war and for peace
culminated in 1970 on August 29 in the East L.A. Chicano
Moratorium. Unfortunately, probably disrupted by agents
provocateurs (perhaps by overzealous militants manipulated by
agents --the truth may never be known) the protest did not end
peacefully. What we do know is that during the riot that followed
the break-up of the protest, the life of L.A. Times reporter and
columnist and TV KMEX station director, Ruben Salazar was snuffed
out by a tear gas projectile fired into the Silver Dollar Café,
where he was taking a break. Chicano Studies professor, Raul Ruiz
and Joe Razo of La Raza magazine were
outside the bar photographing Los Angeles County Sheriffs shooting
tear gas through the building’s storefront windows at the very
moment Salazar was killed.
August 29,
2010 will be the forty-year anniversary of this historical event. In
the months that followed and throughout the early 70s, Chicanos
continued to protest for community empowerment and against the war
and institutional racism. Everywhere, even if they were not members
of the Brown Berets, Mexican Americans and Latinos, men and women,
including this writer, wore the brown beret. Chicanos were on the
march and it was no longer just the youth. El Movimiento was
picking up speed, not too far behind the larger swell of the
American counterculture.
While Chicano
and Latino connections to a counterculture event like the Summer of
Love and the counterculture in general may not seem evident at
first, they are there, if you look for them. Take Chris Montez, a
Chicano rocker of the early sixties who followed in Ritche Valens’
footsteps, and who was a trailblazer for other young Chicano
musicians and performers. Chris Montez is not always identified
with the British Rock n’ Roll Invasion and the counterculture icons
that led it, the Beatles -- but he was there.
His early 60s
hit, Let’s Dance was huge in England. In one of his tours in
England, the early Beatles were his opening act. By the time of the
Summer of Love in ’67, Chris Montez had left behind a legacy for
other young Chicano rock and R&B artists. Thus, the tradition of
the The Eastside Sound was planted and creative musical talent blossomed
and branched out.
Chicano rock and R&B groups were all over the
charts. By 1967, one of these groups, Cannibal and the Headhunters
was already touring with the Beatles
The Summer of Love was
the landmark event of an American renaissance in cultural invention,
social consciousness and social justice. What happened in America
in the sixties and seventies inspired movements for social justice
all over the world. El Movimiento was our own Chicano
renaissance -- our own political, cultural and spiritual reawakening
-- and the rebirth of our historical consciousness.
In 1976, Benjamin F.
Hernandez published the inaugural issue of (El Papel de la Gente)
Q-VO Magazine and Firme Magazine were published in Riverside,
California. Subsequent issues during its publishing history were
distributed and sold successfully throughout the country.
Cruising
on Lowrider Magazine’s (originally a grass-roots Chicano endeavor)
basic format of social exposure, fine rucas and cool
ramflas, Q-VO Magazine and Firme provided publicity to new
Latino/a entertainers, and documented the recent and current Chicano
Movement. This served to create amongst its largely male, Mexican
American readership -- an interest in Chicano history and
sociopolitical issues. It extended the renaissance into the Latino
working class and plebe like no other Chicano political or
ideological tract or newspaper.
Throughout the late
sixties and early seventies, African Americans, Native Americans,
women, Pacific Islanders, minorities everywhere experienced the
rebirth of interest in their history. The revision of American
history with a diverse perspective began in the 60s. It was in this
great spirit of righteous historical revisionism that in 1972, Dr.
Rudy Acuna – wrote and published the seminal and controversial,
historical work, Occupied America. (This writer is proud to
say he served as a foot soldier in the fight to establish minority
programs at Cal State Northridge and to bring Dr. Acuna to the
campus to found the Chicano Studies Department.)
The counterculture was
exploding everywhere in the 60s and 70s, at all levels. It was
happening on university campuses and in the minds of intellectuals
and artists as well as workers and musicians. Many Chicano and Latino
rockers and R&B artists were creating their own renaissance at the
same time they were riding the wave of the larger counterculture.
With the new consciousness, the East L.A. Group the V.I.Ps morphed
into El Chicano and went on to become a national and international
success. Los Lobos independently released their first album, their
statement on behalf el Movimiento, taking a title borrowed
from a United Farm Workers slogan, Si Se Puede. Tierra was
another Chicano-inspired East L.A. R&B and rock group that went on
to phenomenal, world-wide success.
Outside the Eastside
Sound orbit, Joan Baez was well into the forefront of her genre.
Carlos Santana fused rock with R&B and Latin sounds, taking off into
new musical territory. His brother, Jorge led the group Malo to
enjoy great success. Other artists like Coco Montoya and Linda
Ronstadt were in training for careers that would blossom in the
later 70s.
Latino
Counterculture Icons and the
Wave of Change
There was another
Carlos, a Latino counterpart to another counterculture icon, Timothy
Leary. Carlos Castaneda challenged fundamental perceptions of
reality with the Toltec path with heart he had learned from the
Yaqui sorcerer, Don Juan. Then there is Jose Arguelles who
participated in the founding of Earth Day in 1970. Initiating the
Harmonic Convergence, he laid a foundation that helped to extend the
New Age into the eighties and to the present and has continued since
as career activist for peace and the planetary transformation of
consciousness.
While neither Castaneda
nor Arguelles made ethnic self-identity a part of their message or
their literary persona, they never apologized for or denied their
heritage. Yet, it can be argued it is the stuff of heritage that is
at the heart of their statements to the world. Certainly, by
example, Castaneda in his time and now Arguelles bring that message
to Chicanos and Latinos in the present. Our trailblazing musicians
have been embodying that message as well. Whether we are conscious
of it or not, we bring with us into the world a certain essence that
our ancestors bestowed upon us through blood and cultural heritage.
Too Late to Turn Back
-- Mighty Currents and Tidal Waves
I did not mention that
when I went on my trip up to San Francisco that summer of ‘68, I had
just finished a job as a dorm coordinator. I recall walking away
with extra money and time after the program ended, happy I was out
of that cramped and smelly dorm room.
Within days, I was
cruising up Pacific Coast Highway.
I listened to the Beatles and
the Headhunters and everybody else on the way up and I saw the
beautiful California coastline for the first time. In my youthful
naiveté, a nice way of saying, pendejismo, I thought the
action in Haight-Ashbury and San Francisco I had heard about was an
ongoing happening. The hitchhikers I picked up in Big Sur told me
that everything had ended, but it was too late for me to turn back.
I had driven too far. I remember one of them, a real hot hippie
babe inviting me to join her and her friends up in Los Padres
National Forest. They had their own summer of love happening up
there in the coastal redwoods. I’m glad now that I didn’t accept
her offer. I found out later that travelers were being waylaid at
that camp. Oh, did I mention that
all these years I did not know that the big happening I drove up to
find that summer was . . . THEE Summer of Love? My fate was to find
my way back into el Movimiento and to plunge into that
mighty upsurge raging in the great tidal wave of the
counterculture.
We are Elders now. Some
of us lived that great storm’s vibrant energy. We should pause and
applaud ourselves. We survived. We got ourselves educated, got jobs
and raised families. We can now join our fellows, young and old in
recognition and commemoration of what happened back in those
glorious days.
Join us in
San Francisco on September 2 at the Summer of
Love, 2007.
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